phoenicianairline

Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and one of the world famous structure. 300-meter-high tower was built in 1889 for the International Exposition, a symbol of the City of Paris. The tallest structure in Paris made of wrought iron is established within two years and demonstrate the progress of construction techniques.

Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the world famous structure. More than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 people in 2006, making it cost monument most visited in the world. Including the antenna as high as 24 m (79 feet), this structure has a height 325 m (1063 ft) since 2000, the same as a conventional 81-story building.

When the tower was completed in 1889, it became the tallest structure in the world, who retained the title until 1930 when the Chrysler Building in New York City (319 m – 1047 feet) is finished. The tower is now the fifth-tallest in France and the highest in Paris, with the second highest structure of the Tour Montparnasse (210 m – 689 ft), although it would be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m – 738.36 ft).

The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7300 tons while the entire structure including non-iron component weighs 10,000 tons. Depending on temperature, away from the sun’s spire can be 18 cm (7 inches) due to expansion of iron on the part facing the sun. The tower is also swinging 6-7 cm (2-3 inches) in a windy atmosphere.

As a demonstration of the economy of the building, when 7300 tons of metal structure were melted, it would fill 125 square meters with a depth of 6 cm (2:36 inches), which means the iron density of 7.8 tonnes per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of air in the cylinder with the same dimensions, and 88.3 324 meters radius. 10,100 tons of heavy tower when compared with 10,265 tons of air.

The first and second levels are accessible by stairs and elevator. A ticket booth at the south tower to sell tickets to the stairs which begin at that location. On the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs were open to everyone who goes up and down depending on if they had bought tickets or tickets elevator stairs. Number 9 steps to the ticket counter at the bottom, 328 to the first level, 340 to the second level and 18 to the platform elevator at the second level.

When out of the elevator on the third level there are 15 stairs up to the observation platform above. The number of gradual steps printed on the side of the stairs to give an indication of the ascent. Most of the ascent to the scene directly beneath and around the tower although some short-covered stairs.

Treatment consists of procuring the tower 50 to 60 tons of paint every seven years to keep it from rusting. To maintain the appearance of the visitors below, three different colors used on the tower, with darker colors at the bottom and the lightest on top. Paint color changed; the tower is painted in brown-gray. At the first level there is an interactive console that tells the color of the next painting. The architect of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.

The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to the Exposition Universelle, the World Exposition that celebrated the French Revolution a century. Eiffel originally planned to build the tower in Barcelona, ??for the Universal Exposition of 1888, but the responsible parties in the town hall Barcelonamenganggapnya strange and expensive, and does not fit the city.

After the rejection of Plan of Barcelona, ??Eiffel send the draft to those responsible for the Universal Exposition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on 31 Maret1889, and opened on May 6.

Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 Embedded metal parts (pure form of structural iron), use two nails and a half million, in the structural form by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident was great, for scrapers langitmodern the tower is open without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took a cautious stance, including the use of moving pulley block, track and display aids, only one person who died.

The tower is getting criticism from the public when it was built, calling it disturbing eyes. Daily newspapers are filled with letters from the art community in Paris. One of them included in the U.S. Government Publishing Office of William Watson of the Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Arsitektur1892.

“And during twenty years we have seen, runs through the town, still lived by people centuries genius, we see a black shadowy expanse of black columns, built of iron spikes.” Signing the letter include Messonier, Gounod, Garnier, Gerome, Bougeureau, and Dumas.

Novelist [Guy de Maupassant] – who hate the tower – the Tower lunch at the restaurant every day. When asked why, he replied that it was the only place in Paris where we can not see the Tower. Today, still regarded as a striking piece of structural art.

One of the film cliché Hollywoodmenampilkan Paris view from the window which always showed tower. In fact, since the building height restriction in Paris to 7 stories, only a few taller buildings have a clear view of the tower.

Eiffel had a permit the tower to stand for 20 years, which means it must be dismantled in 1909, when ownership transferred to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved extremely profitable in terms of communication, the tower was left standing after the permit expires. The military uses it to set up a taxi at the forefront of Paris during the First Battle of the Marne, and the battle was a victory monument.

The shape of the tower

When the tower was built many people were surprised with a challenging form. Eiffel was criticized for the design and forced to try to design something artsy, or no art from the side view, with no desire to build. Eiffel and his engineers, known as a bridge builder, to understand the interests of wind power and knew that they would build the tallest structure in the world they have to match the wind.

In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

Now for what I give the main reason for its design? The tower is windproof. All right! I certify that the curvature of the four outer sides of the tower, as mathematical calculation will give a good view of the strength and beauty, and gives the impression to anyone who saw the overall sophistication of design.

The shape of the tower has previously been expressed by mathematical calculations windproof. Several theories have been proposed calculations for years, most recently the different integral equations nonlineardidasarkan on the balancing of wind pressure from any side of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that time. The shape is exponential. Plot dangerous in the arch of the tower, featuring two different exponents, the bottom has a strong defense against the wind.

Installation

Since the beginning of the 20th century, this tower has been used for radio transmissions. Until the 1950s, a collection of wires extending from the tower until the meeting ends on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They are connected with long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; 1909, a permanent underground radio center was built near the south pillar and still exists today.

November 20, 1913, Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, sends the signal wirelessly to the Observation Center for the United States Navy who uses an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. Object transmission to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, DC

The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first level (95 m, 311 feet above sea level), and Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second level, with a special elevator. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007, a chef with many Michelin star Alain Ducasse was brought to the Tower to run Jules Verne.

Observation deck on top, with a height of 275 meters, is the highest area in the architectural structure of the European Union which opened to the public.

Passenger lifts from ground level to the first level and is operated by a towing cable that is run by a big piston-powered water. When climbing the arch, ride the elevator cabin a bit, but with upside surprises every few seconds, to keep the level of alignment. Construction elevator is shown and opened to the public in a museum in one of the four pillars of the tower.

Gustave Eiffel’s tower perpetuate the seventy-two names of scientists, engineers and other famous French person. The names were removed at the beginning of the 20th century but the original is returned in 1986-1987 by Société Nouvelle d’Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

Claims of copyright images

Figure tower has long been a common domain, but, in 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d’exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed new lighting in the tower. This effect is aimed at drawing the other night and the appearance of the lighting tower under copyright.

This controversial provision of the copyright. Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, “It is only intended to keep the commercial use of images, so it is not used in ways that we do not agree with.” However, it also may have the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night is spread also spread the image that does not aim for profit and semi-commercial to the tower.

In a recent decision, the Court of Cassation stated that copyright can not be claimed against the image that includes the building of copyrighted if photo covers an area wider. This indicates that SNTE can not claim copyright in the photograph in Paris which includes the appearance of the tower.

In some jurisdictions, this copyright claim is not allowed. In the legal rights of ciptaRepublik Ireland, jobs “permanent conducted in a public place or place open to the public” can be entered freely on the visual reproduction.